谢 @杨散逸邀,写个英国回答。 没有做过英国税法实务,所以我就根据伦敦政经和剑桥所学英国税法和比较公司税法,以及法条,来回答下。(欢迎英国做税法实务的专业人士进行实务的更正与补充)
1.国外的企业所得税对个人消费在扣除上有没有什么限制条款?
公车私用至少分两种情形。
一种公车私用,小企业(尤其一人独资企业),以及个体工商户等等,他买了个豪车、乘用车,挂在企业帐下,抵扣购车费用以及汽车使用费用,性质上是公司(一人股东、实际控制人、股东)将自己的车作公司抵扣。主要适用 Expenditures on vehicles。
根据UK INCOME TAX (TRADING AND OTHER INCOME) ACT 2005 (ITTOIA 2005),94D-94G,你选择获得汽车时的资本抵扣,之后就不能再选择汽车使用支出的抵扣;根据94H-94I,汽车使用支出的抵扣,UK对把家作为运营目的使用,有限制。(意即你从家开出去或者回到家的汽油费或其他汽车运营支出抵扣有限额)
一个月内table:
Number of hours worked (wholly and exclusively) applicable amount
25 or more 10 pounds
51 or more 18 pounds
101 or more 26 pounds
premises used both as home and business premises
number of relevant occupants applicable amount
1 350
2 500
3 or more 650
另外一种公车私用,大企业一直免费给员工专车开,员工公车私用,油钱也报销,可以归为employee benefit contributions。性质上是给员工的利益。
根据 ITTOIA 2005 第38条以及40条,只有下列员工利益之一是可以抵扣的:
1)支出同时会引起雇员的个人所得税和国民保险;
2)缴纳社保
3) 与雇佣关系终止有联系
4)雇主支持的退休利益
因此,原则上,隐形福利都是不可以抵扣的,当然包括公车私用。
那么为了商业目的的公务宴请,可不可以抵扣?这个问题适用business entertainment and gifts。
ITTOIA 2005 第45条,原则上不允许。‘entertainment’ include any kind of hospitality, 包括公务宴请。
第46条, 有例外:
1:本身就是提供这项业务的,并且它是为了广告效应免费提供,或者在正常的商业支付范围内(比如餐馆刚开业,打折或者免费来招揽顾客)
2:这项业务只提供给雇员,不提供给其他人,或者提供给其他人的不同。(比如餐馆免费给雇员吃饭,企业自办食堂给员工折扣吃饭,等等)
以此得到结论,中国公司形式的宴请,除了单位年夜饭,根据英国税法,基本上是不能抵扣的。
2.是否会同时计入个人收入征收个人所得税?
逻辑上讲,允许抵扣的国家不可能再对这些消费计征个人所得税,这些都允许抵扣了,自然是从宽征收,不可能再出台个更趋严的计入个人收入征收个人所得税。智商正常的公司与雇员,看到公款宴请虽然允许抵扣,但是支付数额还是要征个人所得税,就会选择拿钱、拿补贴,再私下宴请,减少金额宴请,并且更利于公关、以及减少其他合规风险。
不允许抵扣的国家倒是可能再计征个人所得税,以进一步趋严。
英国与德国都是有原则上可以对hidden profit distribution不允许抵扣并征收个人所得税的,如公车私用的第一种情形 【性质上是公司(一人股东、实际控制人、股东)将自己的车作公司抵扣。】,可以算作资产使用权转移。但对于公车私用第二种情形,员工福利性质,就是大部分做公车使用,私人有时候使用,以及公务宴请员工参加等等,由于不是股东,不适用hidden profit distribution, 我没听说过这两项对员工个人征收个人所得税的,也不知道如何操作?公务宴请前代扣代缴?(希望知道的人补充。)问题是征税成本太大吧。
3.
公务员的公车私用与公务宴请,完全无法用税务手段限制。
国企的公车私用与公务宴请,不得抵扣是基本没用的,人家根本不怎么care国有资产是否盈利;征个人所得税作用有限,让你付个个人所得税税率的成本吃顿大餐、开个豪车,很多人有机会还是会上。
最后的作用全都落在民企与外企头上,出去谈客户吃个饭不能抵扣,还要征收个人所得税,那么民企外企的营运和商业成本大增。
对于民企和外企而言,面对激烈市场竞争,如果不能以自身盈利支付商业宴请、员工的福利,并且没有商业必要的话,那么它就不会做,会做的都会市场竞争出局,不觉得目前有必要进一步趋严限制民企和外企的公务宴请和员工福利。政策纯效果,就是增加营运和商业成本。
公车私用与公务宴请的针对重点没受什么限制,反倒是商业活动深受影响。
八项禁令现在搞了2年,还是卓有成效的。就达到限制我国的公车私用与公务宴请这一政策目标而言,八项禁令的政策选项更为适合。
——————————————————————————————————————————————-
Hidden profit distributions
Sec. 8(3), 2nd sentence of the CITL (Corporate Income Tax Law) provides that “hidden profit distributions (verdeckte
Gewinnausschüttung) shall not reduce the income of a corporation”.
There are four
requirements for the assumption of a hidden profit distribution, all of which must be met:
– the assets of the corporation were reduced or the increase of the company’s assets
was prevented;
– this was caused by the corporation-shareholder relationship (this is the case if a third
party (a non-shareholder)
– by applying sound business principles – would not have
agreed to the conditions of the transaction if he had dealt with the company);
– this decrease or prevented increase reduced the income of the corporation; and
– this decrease or prevented increase was not based on a regular profit distribution
resolution under company law.
Excessive interest and royalty payments to shareholders or their affiliates (i.e. to the extent
that the interest rate charged exceeds the market rate for a similar loan or the royalty charged
exceeds the market price for a similar agreement) are treated as non-deductible hidden profit
distributions (i.e. the tax base of the distributing company is increased by the value of the
benefit, which triggers an additional corporation tax of 25% on the benefit (increased to
26.38% by the 5.5% solidarity surcharge).
Hidden capital contributions
The rules governing hidden capital contributions (verdeckte Einlage) are found in Sec. 4(1) of
the ITL in conjunction with Sec. 8(1) of the CITL. A hidden capital contribution can be
assumed if a shareholder or a related party of the shareholder makes a contribution to the
corporation without proper consideration and the reason for this contribution can only be
found in the shareholder relationship. This is the case if a third party (a non-shareholder) – by
applying sound business principles – would not have agreed to the conditions of the
transaction if he had dealt with the company.
In the case of a hidden capital contribution, the income of the parties to the transaction must
be adjusted accordingly, that is, on the side of the parent company the book value (acquisition
costs adjusted by subsequent write-downs or additions) of the German parent’s holding in the
subsidiary is increased by an addition to this particular balance sheet entry. The amount of
this increase corresponds to the income adjustment. The resulting increase in the
shareholder’s equity automatically results in correspondingly higher taxable income.
来源:知乎 www.zhihu.com
作者:俾斯麦
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